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Endocrine disruptors [ edit ]
Medical-related content in Wikipedia is for reference only, see the medical statement . For professional advice, please consult a professional.
Endocrine disruptor ( English: endocrine disruptor or endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDC ; Japanese: endocrine disrupted substances ), or environmental hormones (Japanese: environmental ホルモン , also translated environmental hormones) [1] , because the structure is similar to human hormones ( hormone ) And can disrupt the endocrine synthetic chemicals [2] , all artificial synthesis.
Since the endocrine of organisms contains hormones ( hormone ), estrogen, etc., the reproductive system and reproductive capacity of animals and humans are closely related to endocrine. Therefore, "endocrine disruptors" are chemical substances that can disrupt the reproductive system.
table of Contents
[ hide ]- 1Chemical substances
- 2Influence
- 3common sources
- 4Research, education, countermeasures
- 4.1Canada
- 4.2United States
- 4.3Europe
- 4.4Japan
- 4.5 TheRepublic of China
- 4.6China
- 4.7Hong Kong
- 5References
- 6External links
- 7See
Chemical substances [ edit ]
- Alkyl phenols (alkylphenols)
- Phthalate (Phthalates)
- Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (a brominated flame retardant)
- Hexabromocyclododecane (C12H18Br6) hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) (a brominated flame retardant)
- Tetrabromo bisphenol A tetrabromobisphenol-A (of TBBPA) (bromine containing flame retardant)
- Bisphenol A (Bisphenol A) and variants thereof
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
- Synthetic musk nitromusks: musk xylene, musk ketone, polycyclic musk (HHCB = Glalxolide, AHTN = Tonalide)
As can be seen in various household products containing benzene , phenol , chloro , etc. can be formed in a variety of endocrine disruptors earth.
Impact [ edit ]
 | This section needs to be supplemented with more sources . (May 13, 2014) |
- After contaminating the environment and entering the animal and human body through the food chain (food) or contact, etc. and affecting the reproductive system . After entering the human body, the aftermath of the second generation or even the third generation.
- Abnormalities in the reproductive system and cancer
- Male female is not pregnant
- Male female reproductive organ mutation
- Decreased sperm quality in men
- Male pill smaller
- precocious
- Reduce breast milk
- Anal and genital distances are abnormal
- Reduced ability to give birth to boys
- Uterine cancer , testicular cancer , and breast cancer , etc.
- Congenital malformation
- diabetes
- Offspring Learning Ability and Hyperactivity Disorder
Common sources [ edit ]
| This section needs to be supplemented with more sources . (May 13, 2014) |
Chemicals from all walks of life; particularly in the plastics industry, such as artificial resins (resin, synthetic resins, synthetic resins, epoxy resins, Epoxy resins/Epoxy/polyepoxide),
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), etc.
Including chemicals produced at the time of manufacture, before and after production, improper use, disposal and incineration,
or product decomposition or chemical change .
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), etc.
Including chemicals produced at the time of manufacture, before and after production, improper use, disposal and incineration,
or product decomposition or chemical change .
The polyvinyl chloride may contribute dioxins / dioxin / dioxin (dioxin), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB, Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyl) and the like.
- Insecticide
- Cleaners , disinfectants , bactericides
- Flame retardant
- Certain pesticides
- Some of the super glue containing epoxy .
Research, education, countermeasures [ edit ]
Business, waste, water, air, flora and fauna, food, etc., and human reproduction and health are closely linked. Chemicals have entered the human body and cause long-term and intergenerational effects. Advanced countries began to pay attention to issues.
Canada [ edit ]
Around mid-April 2008, Canada announced that it would list bisphenol A as a hazardous substance. [1] Foreign large department store supermarkets immediately stopped selling bisphenol A-containing plastic water bottles and bottle utensils. Manufacturers in foreign countries also stopped producing bisphenol-A plastic water bottles and bottles.
United States [ edit ]
The business community and environmental protection organizations have separately announced and promoted different, contrary arguments:
Regarding various types of chemicals used in the production of artificial synthetic materials (plastic agricultural cleaning and sanitizing agents, etc.), the industrial and commercial circles have denied access to endocrine reproductive problems and cancer. Research funded by environmental organizations and non-industrial and commercial sectors has found that dioxin, such as PVC PCB, has a great relationship with endocrine reproductive problems and cancer.
Regarding various types of chemicals used in the production of artificial synthetic materials (plastic agricultural cleaning and sanitizing agents, etc.), the industrial and commercial circles have denied access to endocrine reproductive problems and cancer. Research funded by environmental organizations and non-industrial and commercial sectors has found that dioxin, such as PVC PCB, has a great relationship with endocrine reproductive problems and cancer.
聯邦政府受制於工商界壓力。部份洲則較嚴格監管有關產品及廢物處理以減少污染。[2] 1990年USEPA訂了F024非污水和他們的可處理標準。（Kinch和Vorbach 1990） Regulated Constituents of Concern for F024 Non-wastewaters [可接受最高含量（mg/kg）] 近年綠色和平及其他大學則在各地化檢很多地方以至人體（血、脂、乳）內也含有害化學物。化學污染已進入人體，干擾並引至內分泌生殖問題及癌症。
綠色和平2006年報告各化學品，常見產品和其影響如男女不育、男女生殖器官異常、早熟、等等。[3]
民間也越來越多自發宣傳讓市民注意避開常用物品中的有害化學品 [4]
民間也越來越多自發宣傳讓市民注意避開常用物品中的有害化學品 [4]
在美國各方大力宣傳反林丹/靈丹（Lindane）下，已有五十多國禁用Lindane。[5]
歐洲[編輯]
歐盟要求清潔劑、殺蟲劑的壬基酚濃度應在0.1%以下。
Cluster of Research into Endocrine Disruption in Europe (CREDO) 歐洲內分泌異變問題研究組合
研究生殖能力下降，性器官異常，畸胎，雌性變雄性化，雄性變雌性化，內分泌系統之癌症等和化學物質的關係。
日本[編輯]
由「公害健康被害補償予防協會」及「環境事業団地球環境基金業務」等而成立的日本獨立行政法人「環境再生保全機構」進行研究教育及推廣環境保護其中注重多氯聯苯PCB廢料處理。日本1962年停用多氯聯苯（PCB）2001年立法各存有PCB者須於2016年7月17日前適當地處理並棄置。[6]
日本環境廳列為「環境荷爾蒙」有七十種化學物質。
日本已禁止使用含聚氯乙烯（PVC）塑膠的調理用手套及食物袋。
日本化學物質問題市民研究會[7]
中華民國[編輯]
光華畫報雜誌社張靜茹2006年報導
台大海研所教授洪楚彰在新竹香山的長期生態監測發現，香山海岸的貝類「蚵岩螺」，曾在一個月內出現百分之九十的母螺長出雄性器官。......雙酚甲烷A、塑化劑與壬基苯酚，是環保署近來投入最多心力研究的三大類環境荷爾蒙，環保署主任秘書陳永仁表示，由於缺乏管制，這三類化合物在環境的殘留令人憂慮。今年（2006年）四月，中央大學化學系公布一份調查指出，台灣清潔用品有四成使用會分解出酷似人體雌性激素的活性界面劑──烷基酚類化合物。在環保的要求下，近年來大型工廠多半已進行污水處理，許多工廠更將經過處理的污水用來澆花、養魚，但含有烷基酚的污水在經過二級微生物處理後，卻搖身一變為環境荷爾蒙「壬基苯酚」。中央大學化學系副教授丁望賢的調查顯示，包括淡水河、頭前溪、朴子溪、東港溪等流域，台灣半數以上河川含有壬基苯酚，殘留濃度更遠高於歐美地區。
中華民國行政院環境保護署95年實施：針對塑膠類生鮮托盤、蛋盒及糕餅麵包盒等包裝容器，參考韓國規定限制使用「含塑膠材質」係指含聚乙烯對苯二甲酸酯（PET）、聚苯乙烯（PS）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）、聚乙烯（PE）或聚丙烯（PP）等塑膠材質者。 紙製或植物纖維容器，若添加或淋膜PET、PS、PVC、PE、PP等塑膠材質，亦屬限制使用範圍內。.....
- 包含公部門、百貨公司及購物中心、量販店業、超級市場業、連鎖便利商店業、連鎖速食店、有店面餐飲業及有店面之西點麵包業等。
- 不得提供含塑膠材質之生鮮托盤、蛋盒及糕餅麵包盒。
另因應斯德哥爾摩公約締約國大會討論增列5項POPs名單部分，其中靈丹（Lindane）中華民國已於78年間依「毒性化學物質管理法」公告列管並已全面禁用。
中華人民共和國[編輯]
國際上簽署的《關於持久性有機污染物的斯德哥爾摩公約》中，確定的首批禁止使用的12種持久性有機污染物在中國的環境介質中多有檢出。中國是公約的簽字國。工商業界仍大量生產製造買賣各式含或可形成分泌干擾素的化學物及塑料。
2006年仍有工商業界製造買賣含聚氯乙烯之食物外賣盒塑料盒。
在1983年停止了DDT的使用。但是農藥中仍含DDT。[8] 2006年仍有農業界使用被禁農藥（如DDT, Lindane）及未待一般農藥散減已賣給市民。
香港[編輯]
 | 本條目中立性有爭議。內容、語調可能帶有明顯的個人觀點或地方色彩。（2010年1月22日） |
政府多以工商業利益為重，常以國際間研究甚多，未有一致的結論，未有具體數據資料為理由，無就內分泌干擾素立法。
連歐洲委員會發出緊急禁令禁止供3歲以下兒童可放入口的PVC軟膠玩具含鄰苯二甲酸鹽（可傷肝腎的鄰苯二甲酸鹽）之類也無監管。有限制咬牙膠、手搖鈴及假奶嘴3類玩具的DEHP（其中一種鄰苯二甲酸鹽）含量、但香港消費者委員會測試發現所有樣本的DEHP含量都不超過法例規定的3%。測試報告指出，在42個樣本中，有26個屬PVC軟膠，它們的鄰苯二甲酸鹽含量介乎19.55%至52.66%。至於其餘14種不受本港法例監管的鄰苯二甲酸鹽，份量最高的是DINP和DIDP。在26個PVC樣本中有25個所含的鄰苯二甲酸鹽是DINP，由2.09%至51.63%不等。[9]
香港PVC產品之生產買賣亦相當自由。[10] 只有民間團體及環保團體呼籲。
2006年仍有買到農藥超標及含禁用農藥之蔬菜，大部分來自中國內地。
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ In Japan,Professor Ichiguchi Ichiguchi ofYokohama City Universityand“ Environmental ホルモン ” (environmental hormone)created byNHK, refers to some chemicals that “endocrine disruptors from the environment”
- ^ recently began a multi-use English-speaking countries, "Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals" (endocrine-disrupting chemicals)
External links [ edit ]
- Japanese Society for the Study of Chemical Substances
- EDC (Japanese)
- Quadai pollution (Japanese)
- Greenpeace Report on Reproductive Health and Chemicals, April 2006 (Japanese)
- Women's Newsletter Issue 155 Focus Topics Environmental Hormones
- Recognize the toxic and harmful substances in the environment - Greenpeace
- Environmental hormone questions and answers
See also [ edit ]
- Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
- Estrogen-like hormone (environmental estrogen)
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2 categories :
- Endocrinology
- Endocrine disruptors
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